Source : PlasticsEurope Source: PlasticsEurope Source: Eurostat • Blue Green Algae (BGA)/cyanobacteria 2.2 Postconsumer waste. These non-recycled plastics (NRP), found in the municipal solid waste (MSW) stream, could provide an abundant source of alternative energy is reduced. Here we report an estimate of the total number of plastic particles and their weight floating in the world’s oceans from 24 expeditions (2007–2013) across all five sub-tropical gyres, costal Australia, Bay of Bengal and the Mediterranean Sea conducting surface net tows (N5680) and visual survey transects of large plastic debris (N5891). Science. Plastic waste that enters the ocean, an issue that has galvanized many consumers, corporations and policymakers, poses a threat to marine life through entanglement, ingestion and contamination.13 Moreover, collecting ocean plastic waste can be extraordinarily challenging because it tends to fragment Although some marine organisms have been shown to ingest plastic, few studies have investigated the ecological effects of plastic waste on animals. It also highlights that low-carbon economic development (LCD) (a development that emits low/less greenhouse gases) can be achieved by adopting simple measures. ; A slide-deck summary of global plastics is available here. A small survey is carried out to thoroughly understand PWM in a community. /Rect [44.5200004578 50.4599990845 153.7200012207 59.8800010681] The very simple onlin. /StructParent 103 Man-made plastics are known as synthetic plastics. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.02. plastic waste through source reduction—the process of minimizing the amount of plastic used. /Type /Page Plastic accounts for around 10% by mass of municipal waste, but up to 85% of marine debris items – most of which arrive from land-based sources. Marine Pollution Bulletin. /MediaBox [0 0 595.3800048828 841.9799804688] • Low-Carbon Homes source reduction and reuse both result in the prevention of waste in the first place, the amount of waste which must composted, recycled, landfilled, etc. Sixteen of the top 20 mismanaged plastic waste producers are low, (PET). • Community Engagement with climate change /Tabs /S see the weblink: https://sites.google.com/site/pollutionwqbangladesh/, gas (GHG) emissions, reduce vulnerabilities of climate change impacts on social, economic, environmental sectors/assets and integrate/incorporate climate change as a risk in development programmes. Nigeria being the largest oil exporter in Africa solely depends on the production and exportation of oil as her major source of revenue and based strategy in growing her economy. of plastic waste generation and management within the overall waste management system in the country or city, (ii) engage all relevant stakeholders for developing the plastic waste management strategy and its implementation, (iii) identify alternative actions and sustainable It provides some simple tips of achieving sustainability (e.g. 2016. >> Plastic can harm fish, birds and turtles (e.g. Plastic waste is a relatively ne… /Version /1.4 Lithner et al. • Sea-Level Rise 1 0 obj The primary cause of environmental pollution is the disposal of plastic wastes. /StructParents 23 This paper also appraises the concept of 4R′s in PWM and their role in circular economy. It is estimated that out of the 8.3 billion metric tons of plastic produced globally as on date, 6.3 billion metric tons ends up as trash, whereas only 9% is recycled, 12% is incinerated and the rest 79% is accumulated in landfills. The major land-based sources are Illegal /A 27 0 R It provides the latest business information on production and demand, trade, recovery as well as employment and turnover in the plastics industry. /Subtype /Link Nigeria, which is the biggest oil exporting country in Africa, relies mainly on the proceeds of the oil trade for its GDP and based strategy in growing her economy. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. In developed countries, poor awareness of societies on plastic materials, poor collection of waste materials and their treatments, high run-off and floods due to rain are important pointed sources of plastic materials, namely plastic bags and water bottles, from/to the environment (agricultural farmlands, surface waters) which undermines soil and water qualities and threatens human and … A total of 109 households (54 in Zikhotheni and 55 in Zombodze Emuva) were selectedusing simple random sampling. /Group 15 0 R • Metal pollution India generates around 56 lakh tonnes of plastic waste annually and Delhi being the highest generator of plastic waste in India accounts for 9,600 mt per day among the top ten cities, followed by Chennai, Kolkata, Mumbai, Bangalore and few others. 80% of plastic pollution originates from land-based sources with the rest coming /Resources 25 0 R Cressey, D. 2016. Distribution of single-use plastic production by region (2014) 4 Figure 1.4. Reclamation systems differ from country to country and may even be different regionally. /F 4 endobj Plastic waste is ubiquitous and is reported from the Arctic to Antarctic, from the surface to sediment. 11 0 obj all be filtered out, making wastewater treatment p, distances floating in seawater, or sediment, Large plastic items, such as discarded fishing rope an, invertebrates, birds, mammals, and turtles, s, species by plastic debris can cause starvation, suff, Ingestion of plastics by aquatic organisms is one of the m, of plastic, which can accumulate in their digestive s, cause physical damage or blockage of the int, ‘environmentally relevant’ concentrations of, Plastic along shorelines creates an aesthetic iss, losses are associated with reduced tourism, vessel damage, impairment in marine environments, shipping, energy production, fishing, and a, Figure 2. Plastic pollution is ubiquitous throughout the marine environment, yet estimates of the global abundance and weight of floating plastics have lacked data, particularly from the Southern Hemisphere and remote regions. Natl Acad. The atmospheric concentrations of chlorinated hydrocarbons decreased in the transport process from northern lands to Antarctica, but the compositions of PCBs, Samples of seal blubber from several marine regions (Arctic, Iceland, North Sea, Baltic, and Antarctic) were analysed for chlorinated hydrocarbon contamination. /Contents 23 0 R Simon, N and Schulte, M.L. 73(2):230-239. doi: 10.1007/s00244-017. Sources of plastics . >> endobj << The analyses of seal blubber have demonstrated that, by comparison with the Arctic, Antarctic and Pacific Oceans, the levels of contamination in the Baltic, North Sea and Irish Sea (west of Great Britain) are very much higher, as judged by the presence of both pesticides and PCB residues. plastic bags are generally used when curb service is provided and the homeowner is responsible for placing the bags along the curb. /Contents 20 0 R General summary Microplastic is plastic fragments smaller than 5 millimeters. Science. << Evaluation of the data demonstrated significant geographical differences in both level and, Join ResearchGate to discover and stay up-to-date with the latest research from leading experts in, Access scientific knowledge from anywhere. /CropBox [0 0 595.3800048828 841.9799804688] It discusses about the legislations governing Plastic Waste Management and Handling Rules (2011, 2016 and 2018) in India, amendments, current status of implementation as well as opportunities and challenges in PWM. Land-based sources of plastic debris contribute 80% of the plastic debris in the marine environment, with densely populated or industrialised areas being the major sources due to littering, plastic bag usage and solid waste disposal, for example (Derraik, 2002). ... Research carried out reveals that humans can be exposed to microplastics via contaminated seafood (fish, shell-fish), salt and tap water. /MediaBox [0 0 595.3800048828 841.9799804688] • Climate-Smart Agriculture Recently many countries, including Pakistan, Yemen, Bangladesh, South Africa, India, Nigeria, and Kenya, have banned the plastic bags because of the pressing concerns over the negative and hazardous impact on the water, land, and marine ecosystem and natural environment. Transportation of C&D waste was reported to cause the highest environmental impact in most of the articles. It is also acceptable as a last option where sanitary disposal is required to control diseases or pests and in the case of disaster and/or other emergency (Stockholm Convention, 2017). A questionnaire (supplemented with an observation matrix) was used to collectdata from the sampled population. 7 0 obj Plastic waste is ubiquitous and is reported from the Arctic to the Antarctic, from the surface to sediment. Here we show that exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of microplastic polystyrene particles (90 micrometers) inhibits hatching, decreases growth rates, and alters feeding preferences and innate behaviors of European perch (Perca fluviatilis) larvae. /Parent 2 0 R Many of these are ‘priority pollutants’, ocean; viii) ban of microbeads in personal care. Classification of the types of plastic generated and measurements of theamount of plastic waste produced per household were performed for two consecutive months (December 2018and January 2019). /Group 21 0 R endobj Attachment of water species by plastic debris can cause starvation, suffocation, laceration, infection, reproduction, reduced success, and mortality, ... Till date more than 300 million tonnes of plastic has been synthesized worldwide. • Wetlands. Highlights Plastic wasteis a looming global concern as it could take up to 1 000 years to decompose plastic materials in the ecosystem. how to reduce waste generated from plastics, food, water usages). Packaging is the world's largest plastics, production. entanglement of animals or swallowing pieces of plastics and causing infection, starvation and even mortality), ... Large plastic items, such as discarded fishing lines and nets, can cause attachment to invertebrates, birds, mammals, and turtles, salted grasses, and corals. In order to manage waste, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Solid Waste Act favor an integrated solid waste man-agement strategy that includes 1) reducing the amount Plastics can be either found in natural substances or may be man-made. /Group 12 0 R Plastic pollution in freshwater and marine environments have been identified as a global Management Sources of Plastic Waste: Plastic waste can be mainly classified as: (1)Municipal Waste (2)Industrial Waste Plastic wastes represent a considerable part of municipal wastes, while huge amounts of plastic waste arise as a byproduct in industry and agriculture Of the total plastic waste, over 78 wt% of this total corresponds to thermoplastics and the remaining to thermosets USA 113, 2430–2435; 11. /Tabs /S River plastic emissions to the world’s oceans. The trend of dumping plastic garbage into the marine ecosystem, jeopardize the survival of enormous species because of infections with plastic scraps. rity (agriculture, livestock, fisheries/seafood), health security (human and other biota), environmental security (ecosystems and biodiversity) and social security (gender, livelihoods, poor/marginalised/socially isolated people). /Subtype /Link << China, Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam and Sri Lanka, which between them contribute 56% of global plastic waste. These are also called e-waste, e-scrap, or waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). endobj Domestic Waste: Domestic waste is generated due to various household activities. Matsuguma et al 2017. 2 0 obj >> /Contents 11 0 R Sussarellu, R. 2016. << Plastics are the most common form of marine debris. Together, we can cut down on plastic waste and reduce the amount of marine debris polluting the planet’s oceans and waterways. 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